Reproduction of any part of this article must include an
acknowledgement of the original publication as follows:
Kemp, B. and Irvine, R. (1993) 'Design and use of planting
zones at the Organ Pipes National Park: notes on research and planning for the
first 20 years' The Victorian Naturalist Vol. 110 (3) June, pp.
113-124
DESIGN AND USE OF PLANTING ZONES AT THE ORGAN
PIPES NATIONAL PARK- notes on research & planning for the first
20 years
Barry Kemp* and Robert Irvine**
* 79 South Boambee
Rd., Coffs Harbour,2450
** 11 Mudie Ave., Sunbury
3429
Abstract
The planning of this pioneering revegetation
project is described showing the use of "planting zones" for different
indigenous plant species. Historical literature, geological surveys and regional
observations are used as criteria for the design of these zones. The success of
the Organ Pipes National Park restoration can be measured by the increased
number of species present, the more diversified faunal habitat created and the
appearance of the Park, which has now begun to resemble descriptions of the area
given by early settlers.
Introduction
Since 1973, planting
of indigenous species has been carried out at Organ Pipes National Park
following guide-lines designed to preserve the existing gene pool and re-create
the pre-European plant communities. An overview of the project can be found in
Edwards (1974) and Anon (1982).
While many people have been involved in
planting, most of the research, planning and collection of propagation material
has been done by a volunteer group known as the Friends Of Organ Pipes National
Park (FOOPS), a sub-group of the Victorian National Parks Association. Support
work and advice have been provided by the Department of Conservation and
Environment.
This report outlines the research and planning carried out
for the revegetation of Organ Pipes National Park. Propagation and planting
techniques are not covered; nor are weed and vermin control conducted by Park
staff.
Guide-lines
When the Park was declared in March 1972
there was no documented policy on indigenous plantings in national parks. The
Organ Pipes National Park project was to become the first Australian restoration
using solely indigenous species (J Willis pers comm).
An interim policy
on revegetation of Organ Pipes National Park was put in place in August 1972
until guide-lines for revegetation in National Parks were developed fully
(National Parks Service 1988). They required that 1) only local propagating
material (eg. seed and cuttings) should be used; 2) this material should be
collected from within the Park and 3) seedlings should be planted where they
would have naturally occurred.
In cases where the population of a
species is small, the guide-lines allow for the collection of material outside
the Park. This should maintain the genetic diversity of the species and prevent
in-breeding. At Organ Pipes National Park little material has been used from
beyond 20km (Fig 1).
The Site
Organ Pipes National
Park covers an area of 85 ha, 32 km north-west of Melbourne, Victoria (37 40'S,
14445'E). Initially, 65 hectares were donated to the National Parks Service to
preserve geological features exposed by Jacksons Creek, including the so-called
Organ Pipes. The land was proclaimed a National Park in 1972.
At that
stage it had been a much neglected farm in a long-settled area. About 90% of the
site was covered with weeds, including African Boxthorn (Lycium
ferocissimum) and Spanish Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus). It was
infested by rabbits and other vermin, and the soil was badly eroded (Edwards
1974). Few native plants or animals survived except where some protection was
provided by rock crevices or creek banks. Several adjacent properties with
similar weed and vermin problems have since been added. Future planned additions
will bring the area of the Park to 250 ha.
Geology
The geology
and geomorphology of the area are important determinants of vegetation (Wilk et
al. 1978). They were studied carefully by FOOPS to ensure that the areas planted
in the Park had growing conditions similar to those of areas which served as
seed sources.
The geology is characterised by a series of upper-Tertiary
basaltic flows overlaying a sedimentary basement of Ordovician to Silurian
sandstone shale and conglomerate beds (Sutton 1916; Wilk et al. 1978) (Fig 2).
Along the valley of Jacksons Creek, the sedimentary basement is exposed with the
basalt commonly forming steep cliffs above (Sutton 1916). Recent alluvial
deposits occur in broad flats along the valley floor and there are higher level
terrace and colluvial deposits (James 1920; Wilk et al. 1978).
Basalt-derived soils are formed in-situ on the plains and on low to
moderate gradient slopes (Sutton 1916). In the valley, basalt soils locally
overlay sandstone as a result of slumping and creep. Sandstone-derived soils are
generally shallow and of limited extent whereas deeper soils of mixed origin are
present on alluvial flats (Forster et al. 1975,1976).
All soils in the
Park have undergone erosion to some extent and much of the colluvium is recent
(Wilk et al. 1978).
Climate
The site is strongly
affected by alternating cyclonic/anticyclonic weather systems. Typically,
strengthening north winds are followed by a front, with a rapid change to
south-westerly winds. Meteorological records at nearby Melbourne Airport
indicate that strong north winds are more common in winter, and south westerlies
more common in summer (Bureau of Meteorology, 1990). When north winds do occur
in summer, they are very hot and dry. The average annual rainfall at Melbourne
Airport is 575 mm. This is 87% of the average annual rainfall for Melbourne and
is indicative of the relatively low rainfall on the Keilor Plains. Rainfall
occurs throughout the year but there is normally a peak in spring. In summer and
late spring, evaporation exceeds rainfall (Willis 1964). Moderate frosts occur
during winter. An account of the region's climate is given by McDougall (1987)
and Wilk et al. (1978).
Because of the steep slopes along Jacksons
Creek, aspect is an important factor in the degree of exposure encountered by
plants. Some slopes receive little winter sun while others receive full sun and
are exposed to strong drying North winds.
Vegetation
The
vegetation on the Keilor plains described by Sutton (1916) and Willis (1964) was
an open tussock grassland, dominated by Kangaroo Grass (Themeda
triandra), interspersed with small herbs, and scattered small woody species.
Along watercourses, such as Jacksons Creek at Organ Pipes National Park, the
vegetation would have been more luxuriant. Trees and shrubs were common because
of better soil drainage and protection from strong winds (Sutton
1916).
Because of their open grassy nature and proximity to Melbourne, the
Keilor Plains and the nearby valleys were rapidly exposed to grazing and
agriculture following settlement in 1835 (Sutton 1916). By 1973, only fragments
of native vegetation existed, often on railway easements or on steep valley
escarpments (Edwards 1974; Rayner et al. 1984).
Planning for the
Revegetation
The aim of the project was to restore the vegetation of the
site to a near-natural condition. The restored vegetation would display examples
of the regional flora, provide a reserve for locally or nationally threatened
species, maintain a seed source for future work and increase the diversity of
fauna habitat.
Indigenous Flora.
Little of the original
vegetation of the site remained as a guide to revegetation efforts (Edwards
1974; Rayner et al. 1984). To determine the natural distribution and structure
of the vegetation for OPNP a study was made by the FOOPS of historical accounts,
scientific papers and notes by early botanists. This guided initial planning and
subsequent amendments or additions.
Sutton (1916) recorded 440 species
for the region, but Willis (1964) used a figure of 330 "true basaltic species"
by not including those intruding from marginal areas or on inliers of granite or
sandstone. Recent surveys and newly described taxons have added a number of
other, mainly herbaceous species.
Some historical accounts contained only a
few brief references to the flora, but were still helpful. Excursion &
research reports (Patton 1935) in the Victorian Naturalist (Hall 1900; Sutton
& Armitage 1911; Nichols 1942; Garnet 1961) were invaluable. Early
surveyors' maps, such as those of Wedge-Darke and Hoddle, occasionally contained
botanical information (e.g. direct evidence of Banksia marginata (Silver
Banksia) close to the Park). Often only vernacular or obsolete botanical names
were used.
Some examples follow: (modern botanical names are inserted in
square brackets)
"....encamped among native honeysuckle [Banksia
marginata] and oak trees [Allocasuarina verticillata]....The plains
are extensive, firm, grassy and skirted by light timber". Alexander Fullerton
Mollison, 1st August, 1837 (Mollison 1980), believed to be in the valley of
Jacksons Creek, near the present town of Sunbury.
Isaac Batey (1907b)
writing about the first years of settlement, recalled "....a belt of sheoaks
[A verticillata] about 4 miles in length, in parts a mile wide, and
forming a dense forest...." The site has been identified, within 5 km of the
Park.
"The country through which we travelled today consists of green
hills and valleys with a verdure of transparent green.... covered with rich and
thick herbage and the trees she-oak [A verticillata] and cherry tree
[Exocarpos cupressiformis] and stunted gum [Eucalyptus spp]".
George Augustus Robinson, 10th January, 1840, on a route which is believed to
have been close to the Park (Robinson 1840).
"....the charming Desert
Cassia, (C. eremophila) [Senna artemisioides]. This plant, which
is said to have occurred freely along the creek just here, is now only to be
seen in situations where it is out of reach of stock". (Sutton and Armitage
1911).
Seed Collection Sites.
In addition to searching
through the available literature, the surrounding areas were explored for
remnant plants to be used as seed sources. Small pockets of original flora were
found at Taylors Creek, Dry Creek and Horseshoe Bend in Keilor, the banks and
spurs of Deep Creek near the Melbourne Airport, the wooded Radar Hill, parts of
Jacksons Creek south of Sunbury, at the Holden Flora Reserve, and along railway
easements particularly from Tottenham to Sunbury (Fig 1).
In the process,
it became obvious that, even within the valleys the vegetation was not uniform,
but varied greatly according to soil, drainage and aspect. For instance,
Senna artemisioides (Desert Cassia), recorded in the Park area as late as
1961 (Garnet 1961) but absent in 1972, could be found only on north-facing
sandstone slopes. The few remaining Yellow Gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon),
including a single survivor in the Park, were on similar sites. It was apparent
that both of these species should be planted on the warm sandstone areas of the
Park. Further observations were made of the habitat preferences of many other
indigenous species, some like the streamside association being fairly obvious,
others more subtle.
Planting Zones or "What Goes
Where".
Sutton and Armitage (1911) suggested that the plants in this
area fell roughly into two categories, those on exposed basalt plains and those
in the river gorges. To FOOPS the emerging patterns of areas, each with a more
or less distinct plant association suggested the Park could be divided into
zones by relating the soils, drainage and aspect to other sites with remnant
native vegetation. As well as helping to correctly place seedlings, this would
simplify management of the planting process, which required two years forward
planning. A number of simple habitat zones were delineated and prominent plants
selected to give their names to each zone. With experience, changes were made.
The system could directly apply to Park extensions or other local
areas.
Details of zones currently in use are as follows: (Fig
3).
Red Gum Zone.
This zone consists of the alluvial
flats and narrow creek banks which have deep soil and sheltered
conditions.
Red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) "....has almost
undisputed possession of the water-courses, often extending in that way right up
on to the open plain..." (Sutton 1916).
In 1972 investigation of the
creek banks in the Park showed that they had been mostly cleared and vegetation
was heavily suppressed by grazing. Despite this, re-seeding by floodwaters meant
that many original species persisted. Original species, in addition to Red gums,
were Acacia dealbata (Silver Wattle), Acacia melanoxylon
(Blackwood) a few Acacia verticillata (Prickly Moses) and a single
surviving Acacia mearnsii (Black Wattle), as well as Hymenanthera
dentata (Tree Violet), Callistemon sieberi (River Bottlebrush),
Leptospermum lanigerum (Woolly Tea-tree) and one Viminaria juncea
(Golden Spray) (the only known survivor in the region).
Eucalyptus
viminalis (Manna Gum) and Acacia retinodes (Wirilda) were found
locally beside streams and on slopes close to streams, so were included for use
in this zone. A sub-division of the planting zone could have been made, as C.
sieberi, L. lanigerum and A. dealbata proved to be dependent
on a steady supply of moisture from the creek. However, these were simply
positioned closer to moist areas at planting time. To a large extent, the
aquatic and semi-aquatic plants associated with the creek appear to have
survived the site's agricultural history and have been given little
attention.
Yellow Box Zone
This zone takes in the areas in
the Park between the moist flats and the dry, crumbly slopes. These sites are
relatively dry alluvial and colluvial soils over sandstone.
Two Yellow
Box (Eucalyptus melliodora) trees were found in the Park on these soils
and most other local examples of the species were on similar soils with varied
exposure, surviving mainly as single trees on the slopes. Few other native
plants survived in this zone in the Park; mainly Danthonia spp
(Wallaby-grasses), and a single Bursaria spinosa, (Sweet Bursaria).
Outside the Park, similar areas had Hymenanthera dentata,
Acacia implexa (Lightwood), Acacia acinacea (Gold dust Wattle),
Acacia mearnsii (Black Wattle), Myoporum viscosum (Sticky Boobialla),
Myoporum insulare (Coast Boobialla), Eremophila deserti
(Turkey Bush) and occasionally Cassinia longifolia (Shiny Cassinia).
Themeda triandra (Kangaroo Grass) was present on one
site.
Banksia marginata (Silver Banksia) appears frequently in old
reports (usually as "Honey suckle") and surveyors' maps, with records in the
valleys and on the plains. The closest survivors in 1972 were 20km north of the
Park. We have successfully re-established this species in this zone.
Some
species have appeared in this zone that were not obvious in 1972 including
Dichanthium sericeum (Silky Blue-grass) and the saltbushes Enchylaena
tomentosa (Barrier Saltbush) and Einadia nutans (Nodding Saltbush).
Yellow Gum Zone
This zone is on the lower slopes, on
sandstone with shallow soil, and mainly on north-facing aspects.
Yellow
Gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon ) "climbing well up the steep rocky banks....
has not been noticed on the plains" (Sutton, 1916).
Willis (1964)
excluded this species from his basalt plains list. All surviving examples known
including a single tree in the Park and a stump confirmed to be of the species
are on warm sandstone slopes. In the Park, a single Zygophyllum glaucum
(Pale Twin-leaf) grew near the Yellow Gum, and on similar sites there were a few
Ptilotus spathulatus (Pussy-tails), Maireana enchylaenoides
(Wingless Bluebush), Enneapogon nigricans (Pappus Grass) and
Dichanthium sericeum.
Beyond the Park, other species accompanying
Yellow Gum included Senna artemisioides (Desert Cassia), Eremophila
deserti, Acacia pycnantha (Golden wattle), Rhagodia parabolica
(Fragrant saltbush), Acacia acinacea, Einadia hastata (Saloop),
Einadia nutans and Exocarpus cupressiformis.
Grasses that have
been established or naturally recolonised include Enneapogon nigricans,
Dichanthium sericeum and some Danthonia species.
Grey
Box Zone
In the Park this zone is on basalt soils that allow good
drainage without drying out too rapidly in summer.
Grey Box
(Eucalyptus microcarpa) ,"....not found on the sands or Silurian, is next
in importance to the redgum, and is somewhat exclusive. It is sparingly
distributed over the eastern part (of the plains) but .... near Melton and Bulla
it forms open, pure forests of limited extent" (Sutton 1916).
No Grey Box
remained in the Park, but it is still well represented near Bulla and a group
survives in the valley within 1km of the park. Good drainage and at least
moderate soil depth seem important for the Grey Box (Wilk et al. 1978). Two
selected areas of dark basalt soil with moderate southerly slope have proved
successful whilst a third, on heavier soil, has resulted in slow
growth.
Except for some Danthonia spp, no native plants are
recorded as survivors in this zone. But near Bulla, Grey Box is accompanied by a
few Allocasuarina verticillata (Drooping She-oak), Acacia
implexa, Acacia pycnantha, Acacia acinacea, Acacia paradoxa (Hedge
wattle), and Bursaria spinosa. A wide variety of grasses and forbs may be
found with the Grey Box at Bulla, including Themeda triandra,
Danthonia spp. and Stipa spp. (Spear-grasses), Dianella spp
(Flax-lilies), saltbushes (Chenopodiaceae), Brachyscome dentata
(Lobe-seed Daisy) and Wahlenbergia communis (Tufted
Bluebell).
Lightwood Zone
This zone occurs on the harsh,
windswept rocky slopes of the upper parts of valleys where there is often little
soil. There may be many cracks in the basalt or loose rubble.
Lightwood
(Acacia implexa) is still fairly widespread on the Keilor Plains in this
habitat. In the Park, there were still a few Lightwoods, and in places
Dodonaea viscosa ssp. cuneata (Wedge-leaf Hopbush), Clematis
microphylla (Small-leaf Clematis), Wahlenbergia communis, Dianella
revoluta (Black-anther Flax-lily), Pleurosorus rutifolius (Blanket
Fern), Cheilanthes distans (Bristly Cloak-Fern) and Pellaea
falcata (Sickle Fern). Sutton (1916) noted ferns in the basaltic columns and
amongst rocks. More recently, following weed control, Nicotiana
suaveolens (Austral tobacco) became evident as did grasses including
Dichanthium sericeum, Bothriochloa macra (Redleg Grass),
Stipa spp, and Danthonia setacea (Bristly Wallaby-grass).
Plants noted on similar sites outside the Park (Nicholls 1942) include
Bursaria spinosa, Hymenanthera dentata and the murray Pine (Callitris
glaucophylla). Correa glabra (Rock Correa) is sometimes found tucked
under rock outcrops and Clematis microphylla is common, scrambling over
rocks and shrubs.
She-oak Zone
Our selected zone includes
the shallow soils of the upper valley-slopes and extends a short distance onto
the plains.
"....belts of sheoaks [A. verticillata] on the uplands
above, extend along each side of the river...." Batey (1907a).
"The
Casuarina [A. verticillata] were undoubtedly more numerous in the past
.... "Sutton (1916).
A. verticillata was a widespread but unevenly
distributed component of the plains flora (Batey 1907a; Sutton 1916). Early
survey maps show the immediate vicinity of the Park to have been thinly wooded
with She-oak and there were extensive stands 5-10 km to the north. Not many
She-oaks have survived [" being a principal timber tree.. have almost
disappeared" (Batey 1907a)], none closer to the Park than about 3 km (Kemp
1987). The evidence suggests they preferred well-drained areas on low hills and
the edges of valleys, occasionally in the gorges and sparsely over the plains
(Sutton 1916).
In this habitat within the Park, few native plants except
Danthonia spp, and Dichondra repens (Kidney-weed) survived.
Dichanthium sericeum is now spreading into the zone.
Outside the
Park, no good examples of Allocasuarina woodland could be found. With the
exception of Callitris glaucophylla and Correa glabra, plants from
the Lightwood zone were sometimes seen on sites similar to the Sheo-ak zone in
the Park.
We believe this zone is the transitional area bordering the
largely herbaceous tracts dominating the plains, and thus would have included
areas where Allocasuarina and other woody plants were scattered, and
Themeda grassland was prominent.
Grassland
Zone
This zone comprises the heavy-soiled, poorly-drained
surface of the basalt plains.
The Keilor plains are described as having
always been open, dry tussock grassland with many herbs and few woody species
(Sutton 1916; Willis,1964).
"..from early October....the grassland is
transformed into carpets of colour-chiefly yellow or white from the massed
blooms of Bulbine, Anguillaria, Goodenia, Brachycome, Calocephalus, Craspedia,
Podolepis, Leptorhynchos and Helichrysum species." (Willis, 1964).
Even
on these apparently featureless plains there are subtleties of plant
distribution caused by drainage patterns and other factors that require further
research . Plants which favour the better drained areas include Pimelea
glauca (Smooth Rice-flower), Kennedia prostrata (Running Postman),
Ptilotus spp., Chrysocephalum semipapposum (Clustered Everlasting),
Dillwynia cinerascens (Grey Parrot-pea), Convolvulus erubescens
(Blushing Bindweed), Eryngium ovinum (Blue Devil) and Vittadinia
cuneata (New Holland Daisy). Among plants which favour wetter sites are
Mentha diemenica (Slender Mint), Craspedia glauca (Billy Buttons),
Helichrysum rutidolepis, (Pale Everlasting), Brachyscome basaltica
(Basalt Daisy), Haloragis heterophylla (Varied Raspwort), Calotis
spp (Burr Daisies), Eryngium vesiculosum (Prickfoot), and Juncus
flavidus (Yellow Rush).
Increased efforts are now being made
to re-establish the wide range of herbaceous and small woody plants which still
precariously survive on the plains. In the original Park few areas were
suitable. Early attempts with transplants and seedlings were unsuccessful due to
problems such as moisture stress in the first summer and competition from weeds
that germinate when the soil is disturbed. Newly established areas of Themeda
triandra (Kangaroo Grass) are providing a more suitable environment for
further re-introductions (McDougall 1989). There is also natural recovery of
native grasses notably Danthonia spp. on the selected site.
A
cultivated plot containing some of the grassland species has been established to
secure a seed source, and there are plans to focus more attention on re-creating
an area of grassland vegetation, with particular emphasis on rare species. Some
expected additions to the Park may allow extension of this
work.
Special Zones
These zones are areas where there
are unusual conditions or a range of conditions within a small area.
Not all
of these have been defined on the plan (Figure 3), but their special nature is
self evident, e.g. the features known as Rosette Rock and the Tessellated
Pavement. Surviving precariously on Rosette Rock are Helipterum
anthemoides (Chamomile Sunray) and Pelargonium australe (Austral
Stork's-bill). Their survival there is believed to be not solely because they
are out of reach of grazing animals, as both have been noted on similar rocky
slopes, but not on rail reserves or other "plains" areas. Bulbine bulbosa
(Bulbine Lily) appears on basalt cliffs in the Park, both of northerly and
southerly exposure, and is also found on the plains. The rocky pavements are
home to several interesting plants, including Calytrix tetragona (Fringe
Myrtle), found locally on only a few similar creek-side basalt outcrops, and
Tripogon loliiformis, (Rye Beetle-grass) a diminutive
"resurrection" grass, which is regarded as being rare in
Victoria.
Twenty Years of Revegetation
Discussion
The visual changes have been so dramatic that
visitors to the Park are surprised when told that twenty years ago the site was
covered with boxthorn, thistles and rubbish. To a large extent, the natural
appearance of the Park is due to the zoning system which guided selection and
placement of seedlings. It is interesting to note that in some areas where
spacing plants too closely was suspected, self sown seedlings are filling the
gaps.
Animals which frequented the area in the past is returning,
including species no longer recorded in the area by 1846 (Batey 1907b) such as
Grey Kangaroos, Wallabies and Echidnas. The recent successful re-introduction of
Sugar Gliders (Petaurus breviceps) is an indication of the extent to
which fauna habitat has been restored. There have been large increases in bird
sightings, which now number eightyfive species. FOOPS have installed bird and
bat boxes to encourage further increases in fauna numbers.
The planting
zones would have failed without the continuous weed control work done by the
Park staff. The soil seed-bank is such that the above-ground removal of one weed
such as Artichoke Thistle is usually followed by germination of another such as
Phalaris (Phalaris aquatica) and Serrated Tussock (Nassella
trichotoma).
In total 124 native plant species, including 17 classed
as rare in the Melbourne area (Beauglehole 1983), have been recorded in the Park
since it was proclaimed; 58 other indigenous species (propagated from local
material) have been re-established since and persist.
A high survival
rate has been achieved even though the plants are left to themselves after
planting in wire and hessian frames. A number of species are self-seeding
including Acacia paradoxa, Eucalyptus microcarpa, Einadia nutans,
Themeda triandra, Dichanthium sericeum and Acacia retinodes. The
FOOPS are currently studying species which are not self-seeding. For the last
two years a detailed analysis has been undertaken to discover why
Allocasuarina verticillata has produced only a few seedlings in the Park.
The planting zones have proved worthwhile for planning restoration of
plant communities in Organ Pipes National Park as they enabled simple locating
of plants rather than complex individual plans for hundreds of different
species. The understorey in the planting zones must be now added. It was
neglected in the first plantings and will be a great challenge over the coming
decades. Further work is also needed in the grassland zone. New techniques will
have to be developed to successfully replace the abundant perennial weed grasses
with the natural native herbs each planting
zone.
Conclusion
When the Organ Pipes National Park was
declared in 1972 it had long been famous for its geological significance
(Rosengren 1987). Today the Park could be seen as equally valuable for its
botanical significance and as an example of restoration of an indigenous plant
community. The age of the project and its pioneering policy of using solely
indigenous species is an excellent model for other revegetation
projects
The revegetation project at the Organ pipes has been an
outstanding success as indicated by the diversity of indigenous species now
found in the Park .
A complete list of plant species in the Organ Pipes
National Park compiled by Barry Kemp, Rosemary Myers, Lindsay Jolley and Keith
McDougal was published in "A guide for teachers and visitors" 1992 by the
Department of Conservation and Environment.
Woodlands of trees and shrubs
now provide excellent habitat for native fauna where 20 years ago noxious weeds
and rabbits prevailed. Natural regeneration of trees and shrubs is now occurring
where the rabbit population has been controlled, but these pests are still a
major problem. Native grasses particularly Dichanthium sericeum, Bothriochloa
macra and Danthonia spp. are naturally spreading, whilst Themeda
triandra and a growing list of herbs have been re-established. Recently
added properties will allow scope for many more
re-introductions.
Acknowledgments
The following FOOPS for
comments on the paper: Robert Bender, John Morgan, Carl Rayner, John Smith,
Wayne Woods, Organ Pipes National Park Rangers Andy Govanstone & Mathew
LeDuc. Don Saunders, Dr Jim Willis, Geoff Edwards for critical appraisal of the
manuscript. Keith "The Butcher" McDougall (FOOP) for continually pointing us in
the right direction.
To all Friends of the Organ pipes for their
will to be seen as professionals rather than just well-meaning amateurs. And
particularly those early Friends & staff (special mention Don Marsh &
Jack Lyale) who first walked into a bed of noxious weeds, dust and rubbish that
was the Organ Pipes National Park 1972.
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McDougall, K. (1989).
"The re-establishment of Themeda triandra: Implications for the
restoration of grassland", Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research
Technical Report Series No. 89. (Department of Conservation, Forests and
Lands, Melbourne).
Mollison, A.F.(1980). "An Overland Diary from Uriana
Station on the Murrumbidgee to Port Phillip, 1837", Mast Gully Press.
Nicholls, W.H. (1942). The lone pines of Jacksons Creek.Victorian
Naturalist 58, 139.
Patton, R.T. (1935). Ecological studies in
Victoria Part IV: Basalt Plains Association. Proceedings of the Royal Society
of Victoria. 48, 172-191.
Rayner, C., Marsh, D.W., and Kemp, B.
(1984). Keilor Plains flora - a battle against extinction. Parkwatch
139, 12-14.
Robinson G.A. (1840/1841), "Journals of George Augustus
Robinson" ed N.J.B. Plomley.
Rosengren, N.J. (1987). "Sites of Geological and
Geomorphological Significance in the Western Region of Melbourne." (Melbourne
Western Region Commission Incorporated, Melbourne).
Smith, L.H. (1972).
Re-vegetation Of Organ Pipes National Park, Interim Policy. Un-published letter
by National Park Service Victoria.
Sutton, C.S. (1916). A sketch of the
Keilor Plains flora. Victorian Naturalist 33, 112-123.
Sutton,
C.S. (1917). A sketch of the Keilor Plains flora. Victorian Naturalist
33, 128-143.
Sutton, C.S. and Armitage, R.W. (1911). Excursion to
Sydenham, Bulla and Diggers Rest.Victorian Naturalist 28,
51-56.
Wilk R., Rennick, P. and Jolley, L. (1978). "Inventory of Geology,
Soils, Climate, Water resources and Physiography of Organ Pipes National Park".
Unpublished Report to National Parks Service, Victoria.
Willis, J.H. (1964).
Vegetation of the basalt plains in Western Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal
Society of Victoria 77, 397-418.
Government printer (1975).
National Parks Act.
Government printer (1988) National Parks Policy and
Procedures Manual 2.2.3p Planting in parks.
Further
reading:
Bibliography Organ Pipes National Park, Historical,Flora,Fauna (in
preparation).
FOOPS Journal. Bender R (ed) in preparation
Original,
Research Report,for publication in The Victorian Naturalist
Produced
using Microsoft Word for Windows 2.0 available on 5 1/4" or 3 1/2" disk format
and any word-processor software required.
22/2/1993 FINAL DRAFT
version 10.0 (17 pages, 5820 words)
Including three figures
(maps).
Author: BARRY KEMP , 79 South Boambee Rd., Coffs Harbour,2450
ph 066-53-1131
Barry has been involved with the Friends group for twenty
years and was a little reluctant to cross into the profesional world of
publishing reports despite his wealth of knowledge and well respected expertese.
All technical questions should be directed to him.
Co-Author:
ROBERT IRVINE , 11 Mudie Ave., Sunbury 3429, ph 03-744-6395.
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Robert |
Contributor notes
3 copies
of the manuscript
Typed, Double spaced
Wide margins ?
Pages
Numbered
The word figure abbreviated to fig (each figure to bear figure
number and author name on the back)
Figure captions should be on the last
page:, Fig size 115mm
Captions:
Figure 1: Some seed collection
sites used for revegetation at Organ Pipes National Park 1972-1988
Figure
2:, Organ Pipes National Park Geological Map
Figure 3: Organ Pipes
National Park Planting Zones